The data draw a portrait of a higher-education sector that is under pressure to enroll more students and to ensure that a diverse number of them have equal chances to improve their lives.

Some college leaders, rather than fearing the aspirations of those under them, purposefully go about grooming new presidents.

A college degree falls short of putting women on equal economic footing with men, and they have the student-loan burden to prove it.

Less than 1 percent of the R&D money spent by universities goes to the humanities. The institutions that spend the most want their projects to have an impact.

New Jersey’s young people may be born to run, but their mass departure to attend college elsewhere is making leaders nervous about the state’s future.

The value of the endowments of the 15 wealthiest institutions in Massachusetts exceeded $70 billion, about as much as the total national wealth of Lithuania.

If college success is measured in terms of financial rewards, women are trailing men considerably.

Whites made up more than three-quarters of instructional staff with faculty status in the fall of 2016, and they represented more than 80 percent of full professors.

Of the 12 institutions that spent more than $1 billion on research and development in the 2016 fiscal year, four were in California.

Two-year and four-year for-profit institutions had the highest percentages of racial and ethnic minorities among their newly hired instructional staff members.

The top 40 institutions spent more than half of what all institutions spent on research and development with support from the National Science Foundation.

Two-year for-profit institutions devoted nearly 40 percent of their outlays to managerial pay, the most among sectors.

Several of the colleges with low scores on the test have already closed.

Four-year private nonprofit institutions spent nearly four times as much per full-time-equivalent student in the 2016 fiscal year as four-year for-profit institutions did.

About 78 percent of new managers hired in the fall of 2016 were non-Hispanic whites, signaling a slight increase in diversity.

Only nine of the 50 highest-paid chief executives of private nonprofit colleges were women, with just two female leaders breaking into the top 10.

Of the 20 colleges that produced at least three first-time presidents or chancellors since July 2012, seven had enrollments of fewer than 10,000 students.

Twelve presidents or chancellors of public universities or systems had total compensation of $1 million or more in the 2017 fiscal year.

For-profit institutions are by far the most tuition-dependent sector, relying on that money for about 90 percent of overall revenue.

Only two public colleges on the list devoted more than 5 percent of their total research-and-development spending to the humanities, but 18 private nonprofit colleges did.

Among donors to higher education who gave $1 million or more in the 2017 calendar year, the largest share could attribute their financial status to real estate.

More than a quarter of all the full-time instructional staff members in 2016 were full professors.

California and Virginia has the highest numbers of institutions among the top 50 for out-of-state costs.

The average published tuition and fees for full-time undergraduates increased beyond the rate of inflation for public and four-year private nonprofit institutions.

Costs at four-year public institutions have risen faster than at their private counterparts, but net tuition and fees have dropped at two-year public colleges.

Among flagship institutions, Ohio State University was the most successful in limiting increases in tuition and fees for in-state students.

The average annual return on college and university endowments over the 10-year period ending with the 2017 fiscal year was 4.6 percent.

Nearly 20 percent of recent high-school graduates left their own states to study at colleges in other states. Some states gained many more students than they lost.

Women earned, on average, less than 90 percent of what men did in five of the eight highest Carnegie classifications of colleges.

Many of the public doctoral institutions that paid their full professors the most in 2016-17 were in cities well known for their high costs of living.

Women had the lowest overall average salaries in comparison with men at doctoral universities with the highest research activity.

Women outnumbered men as members of the full-time instructional staff at nearly all colleges that primarily awarded associate degrees.

Thirty-two private gifts valued at $50 million or more were announced by colleges during the 2017-18 academic year.

Salaries exceeding $100,000 were found at many of the top-paying doctoral institutions, and at private nonprofit baccalaureate institutions.

Historically black and tribal colleges had nearly equal representation between men and women on the instructional staff, but they also offered fairly low pay.

More than three-quarters of instructional staff with faculty status and 80 percent of full professors were white in 2016.

Among sectors, four-year public institutions had the highest share of faculty members who were either tenured or on the tenure track.

Close to 45 percent of all non-tenure-track faculty members worked part time and held less-than-annual contracts.

Eleven private nonprofit institutions raised more money in the 2017 fiscal year than did the public institution that raised the most.

At some colleges, all or nearly all of staff members with faculty status were tenured or on the tenure track in the fall of 2016.